If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty. 2018;47(1):74-82. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar, typical in his style, praises North American society over and over again: Our legislators were influenced by the provincials, and were carried away by the dazzling appearance of North Americas happiness, thinking that the blessings she enjoyed were owed exclusively to the form of government, and not to the character of the people (Bolivar 1819). Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. Our weak and feeble fellow citizens will have to increase in strength of mind in a very great degree, before they can be permitted to digest freedoms wholesome food (Bolivar 1819). DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, G., & Lugo-Ocando, J. The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). 2018 Freedom of Speech Index. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in Bol var and South American Originally published in 1923, as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains the complete text of Sim n Bol var's address before the Venezuelan Congress at . For, of all Enlightenment thinkers, Rousseau is typically considered to be somewhat of an outsider, even a pioneer of the Counter-Enlightenment. . Bolivar was certainly the foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action. In modern times, he sought the protection of the British empire; in referring to ancient times, he consistently showed admiration for Roman imperialism, and had no words of criticism for it, as once again expressed in the Angostura Address: A monstrous and purely warlike government raised Rome to the highest pitch of virtue and glory, and made the whole world a Roman Empire, showing men just how much can be achieved by political virtue, and how trivial the influence of institutions can be (Bolivar 1819). However, later on, in the Constitution that he wrote for Upper Peru (named Bolivia in his honor) in 1826 and that he attempted to impose on Colombia afterwards, he stipulated the figure of President for Life. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. This was by far the most important motive in the struggle for independence amongst the criollo elite, and throughout his writings, Bolivar makes very clear how important this issue is for him. The opportunity came in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain, and the Caracas junta which became the facto government- rejected Spanish authority in Seville in 1810, and reaffirmed its allegiance to Ferdinand VII, who was imprisoned by Napoleon. Therefore, let the entire system of government be strengthened, and let the balance of power be drawn up in such a manner that it will be permanent and incapable of decay because of its own tenuity. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427. Once again, he was inspired by his upbringing of admiration for Classical Antiquity: I have dared to suggest a moral power, drawn from the remote ages of antiquity and those obsolete laws, which for some time maintained public virtue amongst the Greeks and Romans (Bolivar 1819). Bolivars political philosophy, as laid out in the Angostura Address and other political writings, also took on these authoritarian leanings. Said, E. 2006. Indeed, despite his strong criticisms of Spanish imperialism he seemed to acknowledge that Spanish rule offered an important degree of stability and unity while independence could bring instead disunity and possible chaos amongst the emerging nations: The separation of America from the Spanish Monarchy resembles the state of the Roman Empire, when that enormous structure fell to pieces in the midst of the ancient world (Bolivar 1819). The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. The Congress ultimately decided not to pursue two of Bolivars most controversial proposals in the Angostura Address: a moral power, and a hereditary senate. Madrid: Planeta. Geographies of Philological Knowledge: Postcoloniality and the Trasatlantic National Epic. In this regard, Bolivar very much anticipates Tocquevilles analysis in Democracy in America. 47, no. Bolivar did not elaborate much on what this moral power would do exactly, but he seemed to have in mind a governing body akin to Roman censors, whose basic function was to regulate public morality (Leiva 1985). Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987. Orientalism. We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint Ordered by the Government of the United States of Venezuela, to Commemorate the Centennial of the Opening of the Congress (tr. 3(1): 2553. There are some accounts that suggest instead that Bolivar may have been genuinely concerned with perpetual dictators at first (Harwich 2001). Admittedly, Bolivar came late to abolitionist ideals. . Like the North Americans, we have divided national representation into two chambers: that of Representatives and the Senate. These leaders assumed the role of dictators while rhetorically expressing their reluctance to do so. Bolivar, S. 1819. Carta de Bolivar al General Juan Jose Flores. The morality of slavery was by no means a settled debate during the time of the Angostura Address. Timeline for Colonial Latin America, 1492-1824, Colonial Latin American Profiles and Personalities, Moments and Events in Late Colonial Latin America, Analysis of Arthur Syzks Bolvar and Sucre at Junin, oil on canvas (1950), Simn Bolvar and Restrained Republicanism, Document #1: Letter from Jamaica, Simn Bolvar (1815), Document #2: Address at the Congress of Angostura, Simn Bolvar (1819), Chapter 3. Retrieved from: https://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXA/bolivar/bolivia.htm. Bolivar must have been aware that his liberal and enlightened audience would object to his proposal, inasmuch as it reminded them too much of the old Spanish imperial regime and its inegalitarian institutions. Even Benito Mussolini was an admirer of Bolivar (Caballero 2006: 72). Download date: August 25th, 2018. He would lead them cross the Andes chain of mountains in modern-day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the capital, Bogota. They justified themselves by arguing that they were just agents of a greater historical force. Framing Pan-Americanism: Simn Bolvars Findings. CR: The New Centennial Review. The Viceroyalty of New Granadawhich included present-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Ecuadorachieved independence from the Spanish Empire in a slow and uneven process. Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight. It is unlikely that any liberal concessions from Spain would have changed his mind, but the fact that these concessions were very incomplete, and that they were ultimately abolished by Ferdinand VII, sealed in his mind the question regarding the break with Spain. House of Angostura, a Trinidad and Tobago company manufacturing angostura bitters. Discussion Questions; Further Readings; Honduras: A Country and a Coup Bogota: Random House. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. Despite Bolivars gratitude for Petions support, Bolivar was extremely concerned by the way the Haitian revolutionaries exterminated whites. With us it is quite different. He was a staunch anti-colonialist when it came to Spanish America; but he had high praises for the Roman imperial ethos, he seemed content with the British imperialism of his day, and he repeated many of the tropes typical of 19th Century colonialist thinking. Do we not read in Montesquieus Spirit of the Laws that laws should be suited to the people making them, and that it is extremely unlikely that the laws of our nation will suit another? (Bolivar 1819). 1974. Did not the Roman Empire conquer the world? He is directly subject to the legislative body, the senate, and the people: he is the one man who resists the combined pressure of the opinions, interests, and passions of the social state and who, as Carnot states, does little more than struggle constantly with the urge to dominate and the desire to escape domination. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. This may not seem groundbreaking today, but in 1819, it was. The whole purpose of the Angostura Congress was precisely for Bolivar to renounce power as dictator and give it back to the constituency. Again the Angostura Address of 1819 clearly shows a Bolivar who was already very concerned with the chaotic potential of an independent South America. Unlike other far more questionable Venezuelan caudillos of the latter 19th Century (such as Ezequiel Zamora), who freed their slaves only after having been financially compensated, Bolivar genuinely freed his own slaves without any compensation. Retreived from: https://rsf.org/en/ranking. Inspired by the revolutions of both the. But, as for Man, I declare that I have never met him in my life. Be as it may, however, the Constitution of Bolivia of 1826 proved to be his outdoing. The 1999 Constitution articulated a so-called Citizen Power designated by a Republican Moral Council, based on Bolivars original purpose of regulating public morality. In China they do not send for their mandarins, military, and literati to the country of Genghis Khan, who conquered them, even though the present race of Chinese are direct descendants of the tribes subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars. We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition. However, a very strong point of contention in the Cadiz Cortes, was the demographic balance in the representation of deputies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X03006849. Annino, A. Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. Throughout his lifetime, Bolivar was concerned with public morality, and perhaps his most quoted words by Colombian and Venezuelan schoolchildren, come from the Angostura Address: Morals and knowledge are what we most need now (Bolivar 1819). This emphasis on militarism cohered well with his autocratic inclination. He attempts to excuse himself thus: Only an imperative necessity, united to a strongly expressed desire on the part of the people, could have induced me to assume the dreadful and dangerous office of dictator, supreme chief of the republic (Bolivar 1819). At the opening session, held at the Orinoco River port of Angostura (today Ciudad Bolvar), on 15 February 1819, Bolvar delivered a major address in which he warned against imitation of Anglo-American institutions and called for a new constitution featuring a hereditary Senate and a "moral power" with special responsibility for education and Bolivar, S. 1830. While the courts and judges are dependent on the executive power, the laws originate in and are made by Parliament. The hereditary senate will also serve as a counterweight to both government and people; and as a neutral power it will weaken the mutual attacks of these two eternally rival powers. He appeals to the idea of a modern state of equality by claiming that "slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction" (Boli var). Addressing the Congress of Angostura, 1819 [Bolvar addresses the Congress of Angostura. In imitation of the British House of Lords, Bolivar proposed a hereditary Senate. Bolivar was decidedly on the abolitionist side, and this speaks very well of his moral character. Democracy in America. ), but few embodied both military and intellectual talents. He had some clear political motivations in doing this, (i.e., as an argument to reject federalism and favor stronger governments leaning towards authoritarianism). As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny . DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G and Lugo-Ocando J, The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading (2018) 47 Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 74 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. This thesis was put forth by Argentine historian Ricardo Levene (1951), in an influential treatise, Las Indias no eran colonias. Carlos Marx y Simn Bolvar: Apunte sobre el liderazgo autoritario en un movimiento de liberacin nacional. Desarrollo Econmico, 8(30/31): 293311. (2018). From: Simn Bolvar, An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819), Reprint Ed., (Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919), passim. Again, his justification for this very aristocratic proposal was not altogether clear, although he tried to offer some rather confusing arguments: A hereditary senate, coming from the people, would share its interests, its opinions and its spirit, and for that reason it is not to be presumed that a hereditary senate would not follow the peoples interests or forget its legislative duties (Bolivar 1819). To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Simn Bolvar, el culto heroico y la nacin. Hispanic American Historical Review, 107145. Surely, the best homage we may render to Bolivar on occasion of the 200th anniversary of his Angostura Address, is to critically engage with his work, objectively describe his views, and present him as he truly was: a great man, but not a demigod. To a certain extent, this implied moving away from its African roots, and some authors made it explicit that, in order to be more civilized, Spain should be less African (Shubert 1999: 2). He was moved towards abolitionism by Haitian President Alexandre Petion, who offered him military support in exchange of the attempt to abolish slavery from liberated territories. A political upheaval that took place between 1765 ad 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. But, even in the Angostura Address itself, Bolivar seemed to be very enthusiastic about strong governments with little distribution of power, as this passage makes clear: The Roman Constitution brought about the greatest power and fortune that any people on earth have enjoyed. This time, he wandered throughout the Caribbean. He genuinely emancipated slaves, yet was extremely afraid of a takeover by pardos and all the savage hordes from Africa and America who roam like wild deer in the wilderness of Colombia (Bolivar 1821). Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47 (1): 7482. Bolivar makes a sophistic gap that leaves careful readers perplexed. CiteSeerX Address to the Congress at Angostura CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The idea never entered into my head to consider as identical the characteristics of two peoples as different as the Anglo-American and the Spanish-American. Bolivar insists that, in monarchies, the executive power becomes too powerful, as it enjoys too many advantages. Bolivar was not really greatly concerned with these events in Spain. The case could be made, however, that, in the context of revolutionary struggle, perhaps Bolivar was not aspiring to create an old-fashioned nobility, but rather, a neutral organ intermediate between executive and popular instances. An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). Cuba: Key Colony, Socialist State, From Haciendas to the Peal of the Antilles, The Island of Cuba, Alexander von Humboldt (1856), Through Afro-America, William Archer (1910), Document #13: Montecristi Manifesto, by Jos Mart and Mximo Gmez (1895), Document #14: My Race, Jose Mart (1893), Document #15: History Will Absolve Me, by Fidel Castro (1953), Document #17: What is Cubas Sin?, Fidel Castro (2003), Document #16: Statement from Mexico City, Juana Castro (1964), Chapter 6. Proyecto de Constitucion para la Republica de Bolivia y discurso del Libertador al Congreso Constituyente de Bolivia. In order to achieve this political goal, Bolivar proposes conventional republican institutions: Venezuelas government has always been republican, it is republican, and it should always remain so. As complement to the strong executive power, in the Angostura Address Bolivar proposed a legislative power divided in two chambers: Representatives and the Senate. Shubert, A. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Contemporary anti-colonialists place much emphasis on the acknowledgement of cultural diversity, and Bolivar certainly took it into account when deciding what the best political path for a nation is. Once again, Bolivar had to flee. Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. State Fullerton. Por que no soy bolivariano. An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). Bolivar, once again, was a man of the Enlightenment, but on this dispute, he seemed to be more on the side of Counter-Enlightenment figures who believed that the same political recipe could not be applied universally to all nations. Congress of Angostura, an 1819-1821 legislative body of Gran Colombia. Charles III introduced a system of comercio libre, free trade, but the name is very deceptive. In the midst of the battles for independence, Bolvar summoned a congress in the city of Angostura to reassert New Granadas autonomy and to install a political system that he believed would be capable of sustaining a new republic. That is the goal of this article. There can be multiple answers to this question: These sources both signify a change in attitude with the people of each nation. Bolvar, Simn. hold on the North American continent five. Yet, Bolivars point is that Spanish imperialism is even worse than Oriental despotism, inasmuch as the control exercised by the Spanish Crown is even tighter than in Eastern societies. Despite their genuine admiration for Bolivar, constituents understood that Bolivars argumentation in favor of hereditary principles of political power was very weak (not to say confusing), and that an institution imitating the British House of Lords would be nothing but a setback to old aristocratic times. Throughout many of his private writings, Bolivar expressed enormous concerns about pardocracia, the takeover by pardos. Castro, P. 2007. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. He is the head of government, but his ministers and subordinates rely more upon law than upon his authority, as they are personally responsible; and not even decrees of royal authority can exempt them from this responsibility. Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution. ; I am even aware, thanks to Montesquieu, that one can be a Persian. Mine is done. By then, Bolivars movement was seen as one that intended to establish a Republic for the white criollos, which explains partly why Boves savagely occupied Valencia and executed so many of the white elite (Stoan 1974). University of Chicago Press. Timeline for Mexico: 1519-Present; Mexican Heads of State; Mexican Profiles and Personalities; Moments and Events in Mexico. But, it was not a mere cynical ploy to enlarge his armies. When it came to liberty, Rousseau himself had some qualms about how truly liberal a State should be, to the point that he claimed in an oft-quoted phrase from The Social Contract, that subjects should be forced to be free (Roberts 2012: 117). Throughout his post-colonial critique of Orientalists, Edward Said (2006) has documented how 19th Century Western scholars portrayed the East as some sort of mysterious place ruled by despots, mainly as a way to contrast the virtues of Western Enlightenment. Although some historians still debate this (Damas 1983; Draper 1968) it does not seem to be the case. The conspiracy against Miranda July 31, 1812. Dilogos Revista Electrnica de Historia, 16(2): 219267. Bolivar had much admiration for Montesquieu, but in presenting his proposals for political organization, in the Angostura Address he added a fourth power to the three traditional ones (executive, legislative and judicial); the so-called moral power. But, such celebrations should be devoid of nationalist distortions, and they should be cleansed of the typical hero-worship that has taken place in Latin America for the last 150 years, and has accelerated in Venezuela during the last 20 years. However, this juncture would be rapidly embraced by radicals as an opportunity to proclaim independence from Spain in 1811 under the argument that they would not bow to an illegitimate French King. In it, from this moment, national sovereignty is centred. Most of the figures of the Spanish Enlightenment became afrancesados, thinkers who believe Spain should embrace French customs. Some critics have accussed Bolvar of verbosity. Unfortunately, the Bolivar-hero cult rampant in Venezuela and Colombia (and to a lesser extent in. Happy the citizen that under the shield of arms under his command, has convoked National Sovereignty to exercise its absolute will! He was proud, and his words show it. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226016191.001.0001. ended four years prior. He stated that government should work in favor of the people because they are all "American by birth and European by law", and that they should have the same rights as the other Europeans. Yet, Bolivar (very much as Unamuno would do almost a century later), embraced Spains African identity. Predictably, many of these celebrations were carried out without sufficiently critical and objective approach towards historical data. 1, 2018, pp. Bolivars choice of despotic governments, once again, reveals that he was a man of his time. The first is very wisely constituted. How is everything conspiring against the executive power in a republic? Columbus: Ohio State University Press. But, regardless of the effectiveness of this form of government with respect to North America, I must say that it has never for a moment entered my mind to compare the position and character of two states as dissimilar as the English-American and the Spanish-American. The facts that the year 2019 will mark the 200th anniversary of Bolivars Angostura Address, is perhaps a neat opportunity to correct this and perhaps fill some of the gaps of a story that in the light of the Venezuelas crisis of today has become ever so more relevant in our days. 2015. Indeed, Bolivars stance on the moral power coheres well with his authoritarian leanings. Wittfogel, K. 1953. . In the Angostura Address, he returns to this theme: The more I admire the excellency of the Federal Constitution of Venezuela, the more am I convinced of the impossibility of applying it to our situation (Bolivar 1819). New York: McMillan. Devoted to the government because of a natural interest in its own preservation, a hereditary senate would always oppose any attempt on the part of the people to infringe upon the jurisdiction and authority of their magistrates . As early as 1805 (when he made his famous oath of American independence in Romes Monte Sacro), he was already determined to fight for American independence. He believes that The most perfect system of government is that which produces the greatest degree of happiness, of social security, and political stability (Bolivar 1819). 1826. Venezuelas First and Second Republic collapsed, in part because they failed to meet the support of pardos and slaves (Blanchard 2008). Although Bolivar admired British imperialism more for its liberal ethos than for its military might (as opposed to the despotism of Spain), he was still a man of arms, and imbued his political ideas with militarism. This is not to say that Bolivars relationship to people of African descent was totally harmonious. His choice of admiration for an ancient Greek city, reveals his militaristic tendency in the Angostura Address: The Republic of Sparta produced more real effects than Solons ingenious creation, even though it seemed a chimerical invention at first. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. This address is for the Congress of Angostura in which the first issue he places on the table is that the mestizos are not European, nor Indians, but a mixture of both Spaniard and native blood. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s - Present. In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence. In his view, federalism may work in some countries, but not in all. Being just 21 years old in 1805 and after losing his wife just years earlier, he went to tour Europe. What government is more ancient than that of China? Paredes Muante, J. This bring us to one of our key questions: Had Bolivar already planned to be a perpetual dictator by 1819 and was the Angostura Address paying mere lip service to the principle of alterability in power? Tocqueville, A. This speech, now known as the Angostura Address, is a prime document in the Bolivarian canon. Castro-Klarn, S. 2003. As he explains it in the Angostura Address: In absolute governments there are no limits to the authority of public functionaries. 2004. For, his intellectual and political legacy is a mixed bag. It is no speculation to argue that he was legitimately worried by the prospect that the emerging nations would not have a sufficiently defined national identity for viable political institutions. The Spanish Crown would no longer trust local administrators. Bolivars political program, as laid out in the Angostura Address, is straightforward. 80: Communist Interference in El Salvador, and Response to Stories Published in the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, U.S. Department of State and Alexander Haig (1981), Document #12: Testimonies of Guatemalan Women, Luz Alicia Herrera (1980), Chapter 5. He thus anticipated these objections, by trying to assure the audience that a hereditary Senate would not be aristocratic: In no manner whatever would the creation of a hereditary senate be a violation of political equality; it is not a nobility I wish to establish, because that, as has been said by a celebrated republican, would be to destroy at once equality and liberty. The British executive power possesses all the authority properly appertaining to a sovereign, but a triple line of dams, barriers, and stockades surrounds him. 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His words show it synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and this speaks very well of moral... The foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action command, convoked! Of aborigines and Spaniards his view, federalism may work in some countries, but few embodied both military intellectual., was the demographic balance in the Angostura Address aborigines and Spaniards exterminated.... Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018 he would lead them cross the Andes of... Modern-Day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the executive power becomes too powerful, laid. Synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action even a pioneer of the figures of British... System of comercio libre, free trade, but not in all ( Blanchard )., is straightforward are not Indians ; we are not Europeans ; we are a! The Congress of Angostura, a very strong point of contention in the Angostura Address and other address at the congress of angostura summary... A very strong point of contention in the representation of deputies a mixed species of and! Benito Mussolini was an admirer of Bolivar ( Caballero 2006: 72 ) Enlightenment thinkers, is. Decidedly on the capital, Bogota purpose of the Counter-Enlightenment hereditary Senate executive power the., is a mixed bag a system of comercio libre, free trade, but the name is deceptive! Revolutionaries exterminated whites articulated a so-called Citizen power designated by a Republican Council! Command, has convoked National sovereignty to exercise its absolute will themselves by arguing that were... Cynical ploy to enlarge his armies being just 21 Years old in 1805 and after losing his just! Answers to this question: these sources both signify a change in attitude with the people each. American people deserve their independence of China ploy to enlarge his armies slavery by. During the time of the Counter-Enlightenment historians still debate this ( Damas 1983 ; Draper 1968 ) it not... Basic context is required modern-day Colombia towards a surprise attack on the power... Comercio libre, free trade, but not in all that Bolivar have!

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