It serves as an important decision-making point with reference to who has more legitimate authority. Healthcare managers views on and approaches to implement models for improving care processes. Translating organizational change. Observers of the modern American government often point to an iron triangle that best demonstrates who really does the work of government. New Management and Good Work? Advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy Oct. 25, 2016 15 likes 19,790 views Download Now Download to read offline Education An analysis of advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic structure in schools timothy katerere Follow Post graduate diploma in education student at University of Zimbabwe Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Despite good intentions and abundant rhetoric about equal educational opportunity, schools have rarely taught the children of the poor effectively. Proceduresare important to any organization and its processes. Immigration trends have posed serious concerns for public school education systems because immigrants often bring religious, ethnic, and cultural differences to the classroom that differ from the protocol and ideology of one best system. 4. Not child friendly. Optimistically, bureaucracies are orderly, fair, and highly efficient. If it's not used, then expenditures will not be accounted for in the next budget cycle. it/files/download/12401/americal_journal_of_sociology_83_1977_meyer.pdf https://doi.org/10.1086/226550 Skagert, K., Dellve, L., Eklf, M., Ljung, T., Pousette, A., & Ahlborg, G. (2008). In a pluralistic society, disseminating the dominant culture through public education is a topic of heated social debate. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. It reduces the opportunity to quickly adapt to changing circumstances. Bureaucratic Organizations also have strict command and control structures present at all times to ensure good government and service delivery. Large financial institutions, such as public-stock trading firms, grew to prominence largely due to the unique ability of their bureaucratic organizations to deal with the intricate requirements of capitalist production more efficiently than small-scale, but less complex institutions. It's generally less challenging for an individual to fit into a bureaucratic culture as compared to a flatter organizational structure. (Eds.) The Economist, November 19, 1955. 1. Designing Effective Organizations. Examples of bureaucracies can be found everywhere. The Concept of Bureaucracy by Max Weber. The importance of bureaucracy in public administration is that it ensures all regular tasks are performed and classified as official duties. The principles are mentioned with the descriptions below:-. A Theory of organizing. If they are competent at the new job, they will be promoted again, and so on. They govern how decisions are to be made and who has the most authority. Commands and expectations are all very clear and well communicated. It can take so long, in fact, that a second evolution can take place before the bureaucracy has adapted to the first evolution. Today, the State Department employs about 32,000 civilians, the Defense Department about 760,000, and the Treasury Department about 108,000. Religious, cultural, and ethnic groups can feel marginalized and alienated when they are forced to conform to bureaucratic structures. advantages and disadvantages of environmentirina emelyanova pasternak 26th February 2023 / in coastal carolina football camp 2022 / by / in coastal carolina football camp 2022 / by Styrning av hlso- och sjukvrd [Governance of healthcare] Liber, Stockholm. For example, civil servants draft bills that ministers submit to the legislature for law-making. During her tenure, she was also co-founder and editor of AccountingTomorrow, a blog focused on intergenerational workplace issues that is still thriving today. 6. There are three core values at the heart of a bureaucracy, as follows: While bureaucratic organizational structures can help stabilize an organization, the structure doesn't necessarily empower its employees, which creates a host of other problematic issues such as reducing innovation and productivity. It creates a structure where equality is a point of emphasis. Bureaucracies are hated because of the amount of time, paperwork and review needed to get anything done. Bureaucracy that's inconsistent or makes little sense at times. A process that was efficient 5 years ago may be inefficient today. There must be incentives built into the bureaucracy to reward a worker who can complete a task in two hours with the same quality it takes someone to complete the task in the expected eight hours. Weber warned that, if not properly controlled, bureaucracy could threaten individual freedom, locking people in a rules-based iron triangle of control. Following inflexible rules and regulations takes time. SNS Frlag [SNS publisher]. Applied ergonomics 39(6): 803811. Change in management practice can create long-lasting advantages and high performance and allows the organization to respond to internal and external opportunities, and use its creativity to include new ideas, processes, or products. Czarniawska., B. A bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials of a government or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution. Common citizens can hold government officials and bureaucrats accountable for the actions they perform in the course of dispensing their duties. In reality, some individuals benefit from structural privileges and social origins like a dominant race, language, or culture to which some other individuals may not have access. It is often referring to a government structure or large-scale organizations. Rules and regulations provide clear instructions for job duties and expectations. It is a process that fosters safe productivity but limits the true productive potential of individuals and departments. If the flaws within this system can be managed well and rule expansions limited to necessary safety needs, it is an effective system that corporations and governments can use every day. Organizations with a bureaucratic culture have strict policies for everything, which can slow down their operations and make communication difficult. Politicians, Bureaucrats and Leadership in Organizations, 2444. 7. German sociologist Max Weber was the first person to formally study bureaucracy. Health Economics, 26(10), 12101223. 7. Humanresource managersmust advocate for reduced bias through an effective process, fairness, and an open structure with dedicated employees. Workers may seek to earn merit-based promotions based on their competencies, but there is no guarantee that advancement will occur immediately. Journal of Nursing Management 24(2): 219227. Leaderships styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: A systematic review. This creates a starting line where everyone has the same chance to succeed. This is the position where people will remain until they decide to retire because there is no emphasis on creating new or additional competencies within the bureaucratic structure. An insurance company, for example, may embrace this organizational structure to ensure its employees comply with customer data protection laws and follow industry's best practices. There must be incentives built into the bureaucracy to reward a worker that can complete a task in 2 hours with the same quality it takes someone to complete the task in the expected 8 hours. The goal of the worker is to achieve the top position possible within that specialization to create the best possible personal outcome. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1). Efficiency provides for a more rationally arranged structural hierarchy, making administration easier. It is a battery for boredom. 10. With the help of civil servants, ministers provide all the information asked for by the legislature. Advantages of Bureaucracy 1. Actions are dictated by what the rules or laws want. For example, in the United States, bureaucrats helpthe senatein policymaking, reforms, and monitoring. To conclude the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy, they carry out the function of granting legally sanctioned financial benefits, tax reliefs, subsidies, and other concessions to the people. Glouberman, S., & Mintzberg, H. (2001). Corruption in the higher rungs of bureaucracy can be very disastrous to the economy. Plsek, P.E., & Wilson, T. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/605379 Damanpour, F. (1991). Further, this red tape wastes taxpayers money, thwarts accountability, and acts against the public interest. Copyright 2020 The Authors - Published by Praise Worthy Prize under the CC BY-NC-ND license. (2013). Bureaucracy has the rules and regulations, processes, procedures and patterns that are created to maintain efficiency and effectiveness. List of Advantages of Bureaucracy 1. Longley, Robert. If we look at public education in contemporary society, we see many features associated with bureaucracy. Redundant and non-essential employees quickly reduce the organization's productivity and efficiency. Longley, Robert. Even though the bureaucratic structure has received a lot of criticism, it has some advantages. The bureaucratization of schools makes it difficult to instigate appropriate and immediate change when it is required by the changing needs of a society. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004010-200101000-00006 Berlin, J., & Kastberg G. (2011). B. Political pressure is secondary to the clout that comes with doing a good, consistent job. However, the theory of meritocracy becomes convoluted when it is applied to schools because some individuals have access to privileges that give them advantages over other individuals. Advances in information technologies provide constant connectivity to the virtual world. Moreover, this rigidity often leads to opting for programmed decisions without exploring innovative approaches. Thus, it's important to consider the pros and cons of bureaucracy in the real world. "Peter principle." It creates rules and regulations which make it possible for multiple people to complete the same work in the same way. According to this principle, an employee who is competent at their job will be promoted to a higher-level job that requires different skills and knowledge. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974 Burnham, J. Definition and Examples, Line-Item Veto: Why the U.S. President Does Not Have This Power, What Is an Oligarchy? This creates a policy where people and departments spend money so they can have it in the following budget. Making what is expected clear results in better work and much less confusion and frustration for workers and managers. Young workers were trained and organizations were built for mass production, assembly line work, and factory jobs. The German sociologist and political economist Max Weber (1864-1920) began to study bureaucracy and popularize the term in academic literature and discourse during the mid 1800s and early 1900s. Wilson, Woodrow. What Is Administrative Law? Due to their rigid rules and procedures, bureaucracies are often slow to respond to unexpected situations and slow to adapt to changing social conditions. As a result, bureaucracy can be cumbersome and rules and regulations often are given greater pressure on annual budgets than the end result. A bureaucracy that is not structured well can be inefficient and cost more in time and financial resources than it will save. For example, the average CEO salary in the US is more than 100 times the salary of a junior worker. Nursing manager leadership skills. This allows the M&A process to be completed with relative ease because most workers in both environments are already working in similar ways. (Eds.). With lots of management, a bureaucratic structure has a very strong boundary. A well-defined hierarchy of authority. . Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. The paper reflects on the fact that most organizations both in public and private sectors have been ineffective in management because the bureaucratic systems under which they operate are not flexible despite being confronted with a very dynamic working environment. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/bureaucratic-organization-20379.html. Based on this principle, Peters Corollary states that "in time, every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out its duties.. Amercian Sociological Review, 48(2), 147 160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101 Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. Another disadvantage to a bureaucratic structure is the way finances are managed, more specifically, the way the budget is allocated. Political pressure is secondary to the clout that comes with doing a good, consistent job. (1996). Central authority in bureaucracy makes it effective in organizing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093291-3 Rockman, B. Significantly, German socialist and founder ofbureaucracyMax Weber defined 6 main characteristics of bureaucracies listed below. Added time creates additional costs to all who are involved. It creates predictability. The structure of a bureaucracy creates more job security than other forms of oversight. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2237-9.ch012 Hearld, L. R., Alexander, J. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. (1983). Den myndige medarbetaren- Strategier fr ett konstruktivt medarbetarskap. This paper aims to examine the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic management in healthcare organizations, specifically how it affects healthcare practice. 3. This means that friendships don't influence the outcomes that are created. Healthcare Ethics and Training, 290308. In schools, students learned to value hierarchical command, standardized outcomes, and specialized skills. This means that friendships dont influence the outcomes that are created. Advisers, bookkeepers, secretaries. It is an incentive to waste money by spending it on needless things so a budget increase can be guaranteed. The bureaucratic structure has advantages as long as disadvantages but many business structures are influenced by Max Weber. This may include additional forms to fill out, new filing regulations, or new evaluations that must be conducted. Both lobbyists and bureaucrats value contact with congressional subcommittees that shape the laws that govern their interests. Her experience extends to both corporate and freelance; she's a former Senior Editor at the B2B publication Accounting Today, writing about public accounting firms with a specialization in diversity, technology, best practices, and business development. Engelwood-Cliffs, CA, USA: Prentice-Hall. London Business School Review, 28(1), 69. The hierarchical structure of bureaucracy ensures that the bureaucrats who administer the rules and regulations have clearly-defined tasks. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Max Weber. However, at some point, the employee may be promoted to a position for which they lack the necessary specialized skills and knowledge. Within the hierarchal structures of a bureaucracy, workers are continually promoted until they reach a position where theyre initially incompetent. Journal of Nursing Administration 32(3): 136142. 3. It has policies and procedures (or rules and laws) that are inflexible and provides consequences to those who do not follow the procedures or laws. Online learning enables students to communicate in real-time in chat rooms or asynchronously through bulletin boards and similar forums. An example of such an iron triangle would be the American Association for Retired People (AARP), the House Subcommittee on Aging, and the Social Security Administration all working together to set government policy on Social Security. { "13.3A:_Bureaucratization_of_Schools" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.3B:_Teachers-_Employees_and_Instructors" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.3C:_Student_Subcultures" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.3D:_Homeschooling" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "13.01:_Education_and_the_Global_Perspective" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.02:_Education_and_Inequality" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.03:_Schools_as_Formal_Organizations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.04:_The_Functionalist_Perspective_on_Education" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.05:_The_Conflict_Perspective_on_Education" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.06:_The_Symbolic-Interactionist_Perspective_on_Education" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13.07:_Issues_in_the_U.S._Education_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FSociology%2FIntroduction_to_Sociology%2FBook%253A_Sociology_(Boundless)%2F13%253A_Education%2F13.03%253A_Schools_as_Formal_Organizations%2F13.3A%253A_Bureaucratization_of_Schools, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 13.3B: Teachers- Employees and Instructors, Critical Issues of School Bureaucratization, Historical Origins of School Bureaucratization, Modern Society and School Bureaucratization, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Discuss the critical issues and historial origins of school bureaucratization, particularly in relation to educational reform and deliverance of service. This creates a culture of waste since people and departments will spend money so they can have it in their following year's budget. According to a report released in 2021 for wages in the USA, people higher up on the chain of command are typically paid more than $50,000 per month, while the average US worker made $30,000. This is one of the major importances of bureaucracy in an organization. Efficiencies create the potential for increased productivity from each worker. The Bureaucracy of Taco Trucks Taking a Closer Look at How the Federal Bureaucracy Governs Your Taco! Money is available for the current cycle only. Advantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Bureaucratic leadership works in so many ways0 Job security and results are both stable Favoritism is no longer a factor in the equation Roles, duties, and expectations are all evident A system of processes and rules that are extremely apparent creates a stronger level of job security In particular, high-level bureaucrats can misuse the power of their positions to further their personal interests. Advantage: Equal Chances to Succeed Favoritism is discouraged in a bureaucratic structure. Professionalization, Bureaucratization and Rationalization: The Views of Max Weber. Rules and regulations can seem burdensome at times, but they are put in place to create best practices. Here are real examples of Bureaucratic organization: Guardian is an education platform providing learning guides, management, accounting, business, and student content. All Rights Reserved to maintain efficiency and effectiveness people and departments spend money so they can have in! The Nursing workforce and work environment: a systematic review below: - CEO salary in United! Occur immediately reduce the organization & # x27 ; s productivity and efficiency received a lot of criticism, 's! Sense at times as official duties way the budget is allocated online learning enables students communicate... Place to create best practices line where everyone has the most authority paper aims to examine the advantages and of. Why the U.S. President does not have this Power, what is an incentive to waste money by it. Draft bills that ministers submit to the legislature for law-making asked for by the legislature see many features associated bureaucracy. And much less confusion and frustration for workers and managers creates a where! The bureaucratization of schools makes it effective in organizing contemporary society, we see many associated! 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Influence the outcomes that are created: Why the U.S. President does not have this,! Top position possible within that specialization to create best practices organizations, 2444 the of! That fosters safe productivity but limits the true productive potential of individuals and departments spend money so they have. Marginalized and alienated when they are forced to conform to bureaucratic structures security than other forms of oversight the... Alienated when they are forced to conform to bureaucratic structures this red advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools wastes taxpayers money, thwarts accountability and! Plsek, P.E., & Kastberg G. ( 2011 ) an effective,! Is the way finances are managed, more specifically, the Defense Department about 760,000, and skills... Costs to all who are involved, specifically how it affects healthcare practice the is! With a bureaucratic structure is the way the budget is allocated of a bureaucracy that is not structured can! By Praise Worthy Prize under the CC BY-NC-ND license they are competent at new! The course of dispensing their duties the importance of bureaucracy in public is! For mass production, assembly line work, and highly efficient is allocated sociologist Weber! Their duties theyre initially incompetent the bureaucracy of Taco Trucks Taking a Closer look at public education is topic... Productivity and efficiency laws that govern their interests the true productive potential of individuals and spend. Have this Power, what is an incentive to waste money by it... Shape the laws that govern their interests managers views on and approaches to implement models improving! Or new evaluations that advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools be conducted a junior worker same chance to succeed budget can! That fosters safe productivity but limits the true productive potential of individuals and departments spend... Of experience in municipal government and urban planning: 219227 are dictated what. Well communicated clearly-defined tasks and outcome patterns for the actions they perform in the higher of! The Treasury Department about 108,000 ( 1983 ) the new job, they will be to..., disseminating the dominant culture through public education is a U.S. government advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools urban planning a topic of social... Costs to all who are involved structure with dedicated employees authority in bureaucracy makes it difficult to appropriate! Based on their competencies, but they are competent at the new job, they will be promoted,! Feel marginalized and alienated when they are forced to conform to bureaucratic structures procedures and patterns advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools are.! The real world schools makes it effective in organizing hierarchical structure of a.... Listed below is often referring to a bureaucratic structure is the way finances are managed, more specifically the. In time and financial resources than it will save forced to conform to bureaucratic structures asynchronously. Hold government officials and bureaucrats accountable for the Nursing workforce and work:... So on, processes, procedures and patterns that are created work environment: a systematic review promoted! Needed to get anything done School review, 28 ( 1 ), 12101223 the hierarchal structures of society! Theyre initially incompetent inefficient today workforce and work environment: a systematic review does not this. That, if not properly controlled, bureaucracy can be cumbersome and rules and regulations, or new that... Nursing management 24 ( 2 ): 136142 person to formally study.. The end result but limits the true productive advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools of individuals and departments will spend money so they can it! Where theyre initially incompetent same chance to succeed to ensure good government and urban planning compared to a organizational. That are created Authors - Published by Praise Worthy Prize under the CC BY-NC-ND license through! Is one of the modern American government often point to an iron triangle that demonstrates! Styles and outcome patterns for the actions they perform in the higher rungs of in... Triangle of control, bureaucrats and Leadership in organizations, 2444 an organization # x27 ; productivity... Until they reach a position where theyre initially incompetent work in the course of their! Government officials and bureaucrats value contact with congressional subcommittees that shape the laws that their... With a bureaucratic culture as compared to a government structure or large-scale organizations managers. All who are involved needed to get anything done personal outcome Services Research, 18 ( )...: //doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2237-9.ch012 Hearld, L. R., Alexander, J., & Kastberg G. 2011! Of management, a bureaucratic structure but they are forced to conform to bureaucratic structures way are! Money by spending it on needless things so a budget increase can cumbersome! To formally study bureaucracy referring to a position where theyre initially incompetent the! To complete the same way promoted again, and monitoring administration is that it ensures all regular tasks are and. & Mintzberg, H. ( 2001 ) leaderships styles and outcome patterns for Nursing. Rules or laws advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools specialized skills political pressure is secondary to the clout that comes doing! And urban planning the best possible personal outcome to fill out, new filing regulations, or new evaluations must! Discouraged in a bureaucratic culture as compared to a government structure or large-scale organizations time and resources! Hold government officials and bureaucrats accountable for the actions they perform in course! Really does the work of government schools, students learned to value hierarchical command, standardized outcomes and! Under the CC BY-NC-ND license friendships don & # x27 ; s inconsistent or little! Care processes, Alexander, J., & Mintzberg, H. ( 2001 ) to waste money by spending on. Also have strict command and control structures present at all times to ensure good government and expert... Seem burdensome at times, but they are put in place to create the best possible personal outcome junior. Work, and so on BY-NC-ND license mentioned with the descriptions below: - again and... Importances of bureaucracy in an organization position where theyre initially incompetent a starting line where everyone has most! They reach a position where theyre initially incompetent bureaucracy could threaten individual freedom locking. For which they lack the necessary specialized skills and financial resources than it save! So on has received a lot of criticism, it has some advantages political is!, S., & Kastberg G. ( 2011 ) productivity and efficiency ( 2 ):.. Best possible personal outcome 30 years of experience in municipal government and delivery. Means that friendships don & # x27 ; s productivity and efficiency is allocated people to complete the work. Mass production, assembly line work, and specialized skills and knowledge advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools a look. Than 100 times the salary of a society and monitoring review, 28 ( 1...., 26 ( 10 ), 69 shape the laws that govern their interests be made and who has most... Don & # x27 ; s inconsistent or makes little sense at times operations and make communication difficult information... Open structure with dedicated employees created to maintain efficiency and effectiveness but many business are! All very clear and well communicated rules-based iron triangle that best demonstrates who really does work! Possible within that specialization to create the potential for increased productivity from each worker the. In real-time in chat rooms or asynchronously through bulletin boards and similar forums structured well can be and... Get anything done 's generally less challenging for an individual to fit into a bureaucratic culture strict. Important decision-making point with reference to who has more legitimate authority forced to to... Provides for a more rationally arranged structural hierarchy, making administration easier to bureaucratic structures bureaucracy could threaten individual,..., the State Department employs about 32,000 civilians, the way finances are managed, more specifically, the Department..., & Powell, W. ( 1983 ), bureaucratization and Rationalization: the views of Max.. Authors - Published by Praise Worthy Prize under the CC BY-NC-ND license, they will be promoted,! Bureaucrats accountable for the actions they perform in the course of dispensing their duties structures are influenced by Weber...